Salam Maal Hijrah 1436 Hijrah

SELAMAT HARI DEEPAVALI

Cuti Umum Sempena Sambutan Hari Deepavali

PERBEZAAN ANTARA STRATEGI, PENDEKATAN, KAEDAH DAN TEKNIK DALAM PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU

ADAKAH KESEMUANYA SAMA?


KONSEP STRATEGI, PENDEKATAN, KAEDAH DAN TEKNIK DALAM PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA MELAYU

PENDAHULUAN

            Pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Melayu perlu bergerak seiring dengan kemajuan dan pembaharuan dalam pendidikan hari ini.  Objektif pengajaran dan pembelajaran mungkin sama, tetapi strategi, pendekatan, kaedah dan teknik yang digunakan oleh guru mestilah sentiasa pelbagai dan bersesuaian dengan keadaan sekarang.  Untuk itu, guru perlu benar-benar memahami konsep strategi, pendekatan, kaedah dan teknik.

KONSEP STRATEGI

            Menurut Kamus Dewan (1998), strategi merupakan rancangan yang teratur untuk mencapai matlamat atau kejayaan.  Strategi juga bermakna kebijaksanaan dalam menguruskan sesuatu perkara.  Dalam bidang pendidikan secara umumnya, strategi ialah kebijaksaan memilih pendekatan serta kecekapan merancang kaedah dan teknik dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran berdasarkan objektif pelajaran yang telah ditentukan.

 Dalam konteks pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Melayu pula, strategi merujuk kepada suatu cara atau langkah atau tindakan yang harus dilakukan oleh guru bahasa untuk mencapai objektif pengajaran dan pembelajaran.  Ia lebih menjurus dan menumpukan pencapaian atau hasil pembelajaran.

            Antara strategi yang boleh dijadikan panduan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran ialah pendekatan berpusatkan murid, kepelbagaian teknik, kepelbagaian sumber bahan, penggunaan tatabahasa yang tepat, pengajaran dan pembelajaran bertema, bacaan luas, penggabungjalinan, penyerapan, penilaian, pemulihan dan pengayaan.

 KONSEP PENDEKATAN 

            Pendekatan ialah cara atau langkah-langkah yang diambil bagi memulakan dan melaksanakan sesuatu tugas ( Kamus Dewan, 1998).  Menurut Edward M. Anthony (1963), pendekatan ialas satu set andaian yang saling berkaitan dengan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.  Pada tahun 1986, Jack Richards dan Theodore Rodgers telah mengemukakan konsep kaedah sebagai 3 elemen iaitu pendekatan (andaian), reka bentuk (perhubungan antar teori, aktiviti dan bahan) dan prosedur (teknik dan praktikal).

Di dalam konteks pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa, pendekatan bermakna cara mendekati sesuatu contohnya objektif pelajaran yang ditentukan untuk pengajaran dan pembelajaran.  Kesimpulannya, pendekatan merujuk kepada cara bagaimana bahasa Melayu diajarkan untuk mencapat objektif.

            Antara pendekatan yang boleh digunakan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa ialah pendekatan induktif, pendekatan deduktif, pendekatan eklektik, pendekatan komunikatif dan pendekatan oral.

KONSEP KAEDAH

            Menurut Edward M. Anthony (1963), kaedah merujuk kepada satu ikhtiar keseluruhan yang dikehendaki dalam satu set prosedur yang tersusun dengan berlandaskan kepada sesuatu pendekatan yang dipilih. 

Dari perspektif pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa, kaedah ialah cara atau peraturan yang digunakan untuk melaksanakan sesuatu pengajaran secara teratur, kemas dan sistematik.  Kaedah merujuk kepada satu siri tindakan guru yang sistematik dengan tujuan mencapai objektif pelajaran yang spesifik dalam jangka pendek.  Dalam erti kata lain, kaedah mengajar ialah cara mendekati objektif pelajaran dengan langkah-langkah penyampaian yang tersusun.

Kaedah yang boleh digunakan dalam pengajaran bahasa ialah kaedah natural, kaedah tatabahasa terjemahan, kaedah terus, kaedah askar, kaedah ajukhafaz, kaedah linguistik, kaedah kod-kognitif, kaedah situasional, kaedah bahasa komunikasi, kaedah oral-aural, kaedah penglibatan tindak balas fizikal dan kaedah suggestopedia.

KONSEP TEKNIK

            Kamus Dewan edisi ketiga menyatakan teknik adalah kaedah mencipta sesuatu hasil seni seperti muzik, karang-mengarang dan sebagainya.

            Teknik menurut Edward M. Anthony pula ialah satu muslihat atau strategi atau taktik yang digunakan oleh guru bagi mencapai hasil segara dan maksimum pada waktu mengajar sesuatu bahagian bahasa tertentu.

            Kamaruddin B. Hj. Husin dan Siti Hajar B. Abdul Aziz dalam bukunya Pengajian Melayu III: Komunikasi Bahasa, teknik didefinisikan sebagai pengendalian suatu organisasi yang benar-benar berlaku di dalam bilik darjah di mana ia digunakan untuk mencapai sesuatu objektif.

            Di bawah konteks pengajaran bahasa, teknik ditakrifkan sebagai kemahiran atau kecekapan guru digunakan untuk pengelolaan dan pelaksanaan kaedah mengajar dalam sesuatu aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran.

            Terdapat pelbagai teknik dalam pengajaran bahasa.  Antaranya ialah teknik main peranan, latih tubi, bercerita, inkuiri, perbahasan, kuiz, sumbangsaran, soal jawab, simulasi, drama, perbincangan, forum, dialog, permainan bahasa, bercakap, menyanyi, perbualan telefon, penyelesaian masalah, tunjuk cara, penyampaian berita, penyampaian laporan, bersyarah, berpuisi dan teknik bermesyuarat.

RINGKASAN KONSEP

ITEM	KONSEP	CONTOH
Strategi	Langkah untuk mencapai objektif pelajaran.	Pendekatan berpusatkan murid, kepelbagaian teknik, kepelbagaian sumber bahan.
Pendekatan	Cara objektif pelajaran dicapai.	Pendekatan induktif, deduktif, eklektik.
Kaedah	Cara mendekati objektif pelajaran dengan langkah pengajaran yang tersusun.	Kaedah natural, terjemahan, ajukhafaz, linguistik.
Teknik	Kemahiran guru untuk mengelolakan kaedah pengajaran.	Main peranan, latih tubi, bercerita, inkuiri.

(Sumber:  http://roxarap-sayacikgubiasa.blogspot.com/2011/10/perbezaan-antara-strategi-pendekatan.html)

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APPROACH, METHOD AND TECHNIQUE?

Today, I went to Kolokium Kajian Tindakan Daerah Kuala Terengganu in Dewan Teater, Perpustakaan Awam Negeri Terengganu.  In this colloquium, we had the opportunity to see the presentations from primary and secondary teachers.  Of all the presentation, there is one that arouse my interest.  The presentation was Mr. Khairi's from SMK Bukit Guntong.  After the presentation, there was a Q & A session.  During the session, Mr Yzel Somarno, senior assistant of one the schools here mentioned that there are differences between method and technique.  Indeed, as a teacher, we should realise the difference and understand the concept.  Let's see how this explanation can help our understanding...

APPROACH, METHOD & TECHNIQUE 

1. Introduction

A common error among teachers is to use interchangeably terms like approach, method, and technique. Such pedagogical weakness may be considered as one unforgivable act ever committed by teachers. Thus, Lesson 4 will help us absolutely comprehend these three terms together with the other topic areas related to teaching procedures.

Specifically. Lesson 4 contains:

ü  Approach, Method and Technique Defined

ü    Teaching Strategy

ü    Some Leading Teaching Approaches

Ø  Discovery Approach

Ø  Conceptual

Ø  Process

Ø  Inquiry

Ø  Unified

                Objectives

After completing lesson four, you should be able to:

a)    compare and contrast approach, method and technique using the actual classroom teaching as point of reference

b)    discuss the nature and features of the different teaching approaches, and

c)     discern what makes a good method and eventually, evaluate whether the methods employed by the teachers are good

You will surely learn so many things on this lesson (“,) Read now.

2. Presentation

Approach, Method and Technique Defined

The simple diagram found below is an attempt to distinguish them:

The 'How' Dimension of Teaching (Garcia, 1989)

Based on the diagram, it clearly shows that approach encompasses the whole orientation of teaching. Approach is the broadest of the three, making technique the most specific, and the method found in between approach and technique.

An approach is an enlightened viewpoint toward teaching. It provides philosophy to the whole process of instruction. As presented by the diagram, the method and technique are just parts and parcels of approach. Approach gives the overall wisdom, it provides direction, and sets expectations to the entire spectrum of the teaching process. Furthermore, approach sets the general rule or general principle to make learning possible.

A method, on the other hand, is an organized, orderly, systematic, and well-planned procedure aimed at facilitating and enhancing students’ learning.  It is undertaken according to some rule, which is usually psychological in nature. That is, it considers primarily the abilities, needs, and interests of the learners. Method is employed to achieve certain specific aims of instruction. To make it as an effective instrument, it should be presented with certain amount of efficiency and ease. More so, the teaching method aims to achieve greater teaching and learning output, thus saving time, efforts and even money on the part of both the teacher and the learner. It directs and guides the teacher and the students in undertaking any class lesson or activity.

To appraise that teaching method is good and effective, the following characteristics would tell if it is so:

ü  good method recognizes individual differences;

ü  if it provides students’ learning;

ü  if it facilitates growth and development;

ü  if it achieves the desired results of the teacher as reflected in her instructional objectives.

One must remember that there is no such thing as the best method. Thus, there is no single correct way to teach a class. Instead, there are many good ways of teaching the students.

        

The procedural variation of a method calls for the third term, technique. Technique encompasses the personal style of the teacher in carrying out specific steps of the teaching process. Through technique, teachers enable to develop, create and implement, using her distinctive way, the procedures (method) of teaching.

Teaching Strategy

In due time, educators and writers started using the term teaching strategy with reference to the methods and procedures utilized in teaching.

The term strategy is derived from the Greek word “strategos”, literally translated as “ the art of the general”. As a military term, it appeared in the literature in the latter part of the 18^th century, referring to the larger aspects of conducting war. In the context, it was defined as “ the efficient application of resources to the accomplishment of objectives”, primarily the defeat of the enemy’s armed forces. While the larger aspects of conducting war were called strategies, smaller movements were referred to as tactics (Levis, 1985).

It was in the writing of American theorists and researchers such as B.O Smith and Hilda Taba where the notion of a teaching strategy first appeared. But it was Willard B. Spalding who used the term strategy earlier when, in 1958, he stated that the curriculum is the strategy by which the schools attempt to fulfill the goals of education. Referring to strategy – as applied to curriculum- as a sound calculation and coordination of the means and ends, Spalding pointed out.

        

In a paper entitled “ Toward a Theory of Instruction” Smith (1963) defined teaching as a “system of actions intended to induce learning”, and strategy as “ a pattern of acts that serves to obtain certain outcomes and to guard against certain others”. It is obvious that Smith was adapting military concepts to a classroom setting.

Another theorist, Taba (1969) also focused attention on the concept of teaching strategy. In her view, it was useless to study teaching as a global process; rather, it was necessary to identify particular teaching strategies required for particular types of instructional objectives. The main aim of strategies, she proposed, was the development of children’s thinking skills.

Aber et.al (1971) defined teaching strategy as : teaching strategy is a purposefully conceived and determined plan of action. Ideally, the strategy is designed to facilitate a particular kind of learning in a given situation and in terms of a specific learning objective. The strategy is selected for use after a comprehensive assessment of the specific situation prior to the actual instructional art. The operations of assessing the situation and selecting the strategy represent the “professional expertise” that the teacher brings to the instructional setting.

Another definition of teaching strategy was given by McClosky (1971): teaching strategy is a teaching approach that is used either in solving a classroom problem or in improving instruction.

According to Frankael (1973), teaching strategies represent the combinations of specific procedures or operations, grouped and ordered in definite sequence that teachers can use in the classroom to implement both cognitive and affective objectives.

SOME LEADING TEACHING APPROACHES

A.   DISCOVERY APPROACH

B.   CONCEPTUAL

C.   PROCESS

D.   INQUIRY

E.   UNIFIED

DISCOVERY APPROACH

This approach pertains basically to cognitive aspect of learning; the development and organizations of concepts, ideas and insights, and the use of reference and other logical processes to control a situation.

Characteristics:

         1. It is inductive, proceeding from the specific to general ones.

         2. Freedom is necessary in the discovery approach.

3. The teacher helps the learners acquire knowledge, which is uniquely his own because he discovers it for himself.

4. The end of teaching, using this approach, is the acquisition of knowledge.

5. The students and not the teacher should be actively involved in the process of discovery

6. The students look at the knowledge that they have discovered as something new to them.

        

Centering on a series of problem solving situations, the discovery approach, therefore, calls for active student involvement. It is student-centered as well as self-directed learning.

Roles of the Teacher

1.   Patience is needed in this approach. He does not pressure his students but he gives them enough time to formulate the expected generalization.

2.   The teacher should not answer for the students; he can give clues and hints instead. He does not generalize for them.

Advantages

1.   The increase in intellectual potency

2.   The shift from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation

3.   The learning of the heuristics of discovery (how to learn)

4.   The aid to conserving memory

CONCEPTUAL APPROACH

This approach requires the categorization of content from simple to complex level. Students need not go into an actual investigation or experimentation, which is usually required in discovery approach. A simple act of recalling facts will suffice like asking students to state certain phenomena that they observe.

                            

Roles of the Teacher

1.   The teacher using conceptual approach should be able to master the cognitive hierarchy of discipline. He should be able to categorize all knowledge pertinent to his area; from facts to concepts; from concepts to generalizations; from generalizations to principles; and all of these should be organized around conceptual schemes which are pervasive ideas embodying the whole discipline.

2.   The teacher should help students to gather sufficient data to enable them form the expected generalization.

3.   The teacher should not conceptualize for his students. The students should conceptualize for themselves.

Advantages

1.   Since conceptualization as process involves an active use of mind, certain intellectual processes are being developed like classification, discrimination, synthesis, and judgment. While knowledge is being processed, students have to think logically and holistically.

2.   One value of the students’ ability to generalize is that they can make use of the insights gained in certain problematic situations.

3.   They could see and realize that bits of information, which seem to be isolated can be organized and pierced together like a jigsaw puzzle around a context in the broader fundamental structure of a field of knowledge. Thus, they become aware that every time the teacher presents a set of facts, the lesson is to be approached in its totality. Thus, meaning is drawn out and derived from it.

PROCESS APPROACH

The process approach may be defined as teaching in which knowledge is used as a means to develop students’ learning skills.

This approach originated from and used to be a monopoly of science instruction. Today, it is identified primarily with skill-oriented subjects like practical arts and home economics and even with knowledge-laden subjects like social studies.

The essence of the process approach lies on three major points:

1.   emphasis on process implies a corresponding de-emphasis on the subject content ( the concern is how to learn and not what to learn).

2.   it centers upon the idea that what is taught to students should be functional and not theoretical (e.g. if you learn mathematics do what mathematicians do; if you learn science, do what scientists do; and if you learn music, do what musicians do)

3.   it  introduces the consideration of human intellectual development (produces the consideration of human intellectual development – processes may refer to intellectual skills).

Advantages

1.   Teaching a man how to catch fish is must better than giving him fish every time he needs it – this is the adage recognized by process approach.

2.   By developing the skills of the students, the teacher is preparing him to be independent, self-sufficient, and productive person. This gives substance to education as a process of “preparing one for his own life”.

INQUIRY APPROACH

The concept of inquiry refers to one’s attempt to understand fundamental issues and concerns that may affect one’s status in life. From the point of view of teaching and learning, the concept of inquiry gives premium to the process of discovering what may be of help in motivating and in facilitating proper accumulation of knowledge.

Characteristics:

Its emphasis is placed upon the aspects of search rather than on the mere acquisition of knowledge. It addresses itself primarily to learning concepts, although an end product of any inquiry lessons may be production of a new idea of concept – or a new invention. It is the search for truth, information or knowledge. It pertains to research and investigation and to seeking for information by asking questions.

This approach views a given discipline more as an attitude than as a body of knowledge or as a method. Emphasizing the affective aspects of learning, it uses both the content and processes as means toward the development of the qualities of the mind as curiosity, skepticism, intellectual honesty and the like.

In using this approach, the questions should proceed from the very factual to thought-provoking questions – that is from the what questions to the how and why questions.  More opportunities should be provided to students to respond to questions that call for analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and judgment.

The inquiry approach simply calls for the use of systematic method of studying a problem so that solutions therefore be equally prepared and implemented.

Role of the teacher:

In the classroom, the teacher should be an active participant in bringing about working relationship among learners, which enhances functional interplay of ideas and actions. Teachers and learners alike should learn to make adjustments in undertaking activities geared towards the “greatest good for the greatest number”.

This approach encourages teacher to be open-minded, and to be gracious in accepting criticisms and challenges with an end in view of insuring the carrying out of school activities as planned.

ADVANTAGES:

1.   it requires them to go beyond the knowledge and skills levels of learning toward the affective dimensions like their attitudes, values, appreciations and the like.

2.   They are expected to become more analytical and less gullible.

3.   When students have adopted the spirit of inquiry, they become more curious and observant individuals.

The inquiry approach figuratively vibrates a nugget of wisdom:

“In work, every day brings new changes for one to grow, new challenges to meet, and new mission to pursue. If systematically planned, every new day is a step towards one’s pleasant dream”.

UNIFIED APPROACH

Teachers by and large present knowledge in its isolated and fragmented bits, as if each bit is an independent entity by itself.  Once presented to students, these unrelated bits of information seem to be likely unattractive and meaningless to them. They might be able to memorize them for sometime but there is no guarantee that they will retain them. Their tendency is to recite them by rote, especially when there is an examination scheduled in a day’s time or two.

But after the test is given, such bits are surely relegated to oblivion.

The unified approach is defined as means of treating relationships that exist among the significant components making up a given body of knowledge. It  is a thorough process of weaving and integrating topics into a general framework or a conceptual scheme. This simply means that the teacher does not treat each concept as an island by itself but rather he relates the previously learned concept with the new concept, until finally the students are able to see the interrelationships among the various concepts that serve as the mainstays or as the cognitive pillars of an academic subject. Its primary aim is to enhance the student’s learning by making him view things in their entirety or totality.

CHARACTERISTICS:

1.   it  is highly cognitive

2.   it leads students toward insightful and meaningful learning

    ( concepts on comparison, linking up, ascertaining the cause

    and effect, determining prerequisites, predicting results,

    synthesis)

3.    it is holistic in treatment

3. Summary

Learning the various terms presented and discussed earlier would mean a lot in teaching. Always remember, a good teacher needs as well good strategies of handling and presenting the lessons. There are various approaches that can guide effective teaching-learning process. Each requires teachers to perform the tasks expected of him. Recognizing the importance of these approaches surely put teacher to better planning, implementing and evaluating his instruction.

(Source:  www.openuni-clsu.edu.ph/openfiles/modules/ed710/lesson4.doc)